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CompTIA Network+

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Essential networking concepts and skills for the CompTIA Network+ certification

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What are the 7 layers of the OSI model from bottom to top?

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  1. 1What are the 7 layers of the OSI model from bottom to top?
    Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application
  2. 2What is the function of the Physical layer (Layer 1)?
    Transmits raw bits over physical medium (cables, radio waves); defines electrical/mechanical specifications
  3. 3What is the function of the Data Link layer (Layer 2)?
    Provides node-to-node data transfer and error detection; includes MAC addresses and switches
  4. 4What is the function of the Network layer (Layer 3)?
    Handles routing and logical addressing (IP addresses); routers operate at this layer
  5. 5What is the function of the Transport layer (Layer 4)?
    Provides end-to-end communication control; includes TCP and UDP protocols
  6. 6What is the function of the Session layer (Layer 5)?
    Manages sessions/connections between applications; establishes, maintains, and terminates connections
  7. 7What is the function of the Presentation layer (Layer 6)?
    Translates data formats, encryption/decryption, compression; ensures data is readable by application layer
  8. 8What is the function of the Application layer (Layer 7)?
    Provides network services directly to end users; includes HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS
  9. 9What is a MAC address?
    48-bit (6-byte) physical address assigned to network interface cards; written in hexadecimal (e.g., 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E)
  10. 10What is the difference between TCP and UDP?
    TCP: connection-oriented, reliable, slower, ordered delivery; UDP: connectionless, unreliable, faster, no guaranteed delivery
  11. 11What port does HTTP use?
    Port 80
  12. 12What port does HTTPS use?
    Port 443
  13. 13What port does FTP use?
    Ports 20 (data) and 21 (control)
  14. 14What port does SSH use?
    Port 22
  15. 15What port does Telnet use?
    Port 23
  16. 16What port does SMTP use?
    Port 25
  17. 17What port does DNS use?
    Port 53
  18. 18What port does DHCP use?
    Ports 67 (server) and 68 (client)
  19. 19What port does POP3 use?
    Port 110
  20. 20What port does IMAP use?
    Port 143
  21. 21What port does RDP use?
    Port 3389
  22. 22What is a subnet mask?
    32-bit number that divides IP address into network and host portions; determines which part is network ID
  23. 23What is the default subnet mask for a Class A network?
    255.0.0.0 or /8
  24. 24What is the default subnet mask for a Class B network?
    255.255.0.0 or /16
  25. 25What is the default subnet mask for a Class C network?
    255.255.255.0 or /24
  26. 26What is the private IP range for Class A?
    10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
  27. 27What is the private IP range for Class B?
    172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)
  28. 28What is the private IP range for Class C?
    192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)
  29. 29What is CIDR notation?
    Classless Inter-Domain Routing; notation showing IP address with slash and number of network bits (e.g., 192.168.1.0/24)
  30. 30What is NAT?
    Network Address Translation; translates private IP addresses to public IP addresses for internet access

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