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American Civil Rights Movement & Modern Era

80 cards · 🇺🇸 English

The Civil Rights Movement and the United States from the mid-20th century to today.

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When was the Civil Rights Movement?

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  1. 1When was the Civil Rights Movement?
    A social movement for racial equality roughly from 1954 (Brown v. Board) to 1968 (King's assassination), though the struggle continues
  2. 2What was segregation?
    The legal and social separation of Black and white Americans, particularly in the South, enforced through Jim Crow laws
  3. 3What were Jim Crow laws?
    State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States from the 1870s through the 1960s
  4. 4What was Plessy v. Ferguson?
    1896 Supreme Court case establishing 'separate but equal' doctrine, legally permitting racial segregation
  5. 5What was Brown v. Board of Education?
    1954 Supreme Court decision declaring school segregation unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson
  6. 6Who was Thurgood Marshall?
    NAACP lawyer who argued Brown v. Board and later became the first Black Supreme Court Justice
  7. 7What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
    1955-1956 boycott of segregated buses in Montgomery, Alabama, lasting 381 days and led by Martin Luther King Jr.
  8. 8Who was Rosa Parks?
    Black seamstress whose refusal to give up her bus seat sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott
  9. 9Who was Martin Luther King Jr.?
    Baptist minister and civil rights leader who promoted nonviolent resistance and became the movement's most prominent spokesperson
  10. 10What was nonviolent resistance?
    Strategy of peaceful protest and civil disobedience inspired by Gandhi, central to MLK's approach
  11. 11What was the NAACP?
    National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded 1909, leading civil rights organization using legal strategies
  12. 12What was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)?
    Civil rights organization founded 1957, led by Martin Luther King Jr., focusing on nonviolent action in the South
  13. 13What was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)?
    Youth-led organization founded 1960 that organized sit-ins, freedom rides, and voter registration drives
  14. 14What were sit-ins?
    Nonviolent protests where demonstrators occupied segregated facilities, beginning with Greensboro lunch counter in 1960
  15. 15What was the Greensboro sit-in?
    February 1, 1960 protest at Woolworth's lunch counter by four Black college students, sparking nationwide sit-in movement
  16. 16What were Freedom Rides?
    1961 bus trips through the South to test enforcement of Supreme Court rulings against segregated interstate travel
  17. 17What happened to Freedom Riders?
    They faced violent attacks, bus burnings, and arrests, but succeeded in forcing federal intervention
  18. 18What was the March on Washington?
    August 28, 1963 march of 250,000 people to Washington DC for jobs and freedom, where MLK delivered 'I Have a Dream' speech
  19. 19What was 'I Have a Dream'?
    Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous 1963 speech articulating his vision of racial equality and integration
  20. 20What was the Birmingham Campaign?
    1963 nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama met with violent police response including fire hoses and dogs against protesters
  21. 21Who was Bull Connor?
    Birmingham Public Safety Commissioner whose violent response to peaceful protesters shocked the nation
  22. 22What were the Birmingham church bombings?
    September 15, 1963 KKK bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church killing four young Black girls
  23. 23What was Freedom Summer?
    1964 voter registration campaign in Mississippi led by SNCC and other groups
  24. 24What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
    Landmark legislation outlawing discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
  25. 25Who signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
    President Lyndon B. Johnson
  26. 26What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
    Legislation prohibiting racial discrimination in voting, banning literacy tests and providing federal oversight
  27. 27What was Bloody Sunday?
    March 7, 1965 violent attack on peaceful voting rights marchers at Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama
  28. 28What were the Selma to Montgomery marches?
    Three marches in 1965 from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama protesting voting rights restrictions
  29. 29Who was Malcolm X?
    Black nationalist leader who advocated Black pride and self-defense, contrasting with MLK's nonviolence approach
  30. 30What was the Nation of Islam?
    Black Muslim religious movement led by Elijah Muhammad, which Malcolm X joined and later left

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