Genetics Study Guide: 94 Flashcards on Mendelian Ratios, Pedigrees and CRISPR
Study genetics with 94 flashcards: Punnett squares, 3:1 and 9:3:3:1 ratios, pedigrees, X-linked traits, CRISPR-Cas9, base and prime editing, gene drives.
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Genetics: Heredity & Biotechnology (deck code TC8690, 94 cards) is really three decks in one. Cards 1–59 cover Mendelian genetics, from Punnett squares to pedigrees. Cards 60–66 and 82–94 cover CRISPR. Cards 67–81 are a short glossary that mostly repeats the start of the deck. Once you know that layout, you can study it much faster.
Study this deck: Genetics: Heredity & Biotechnology
1 / 10Genetics
Tap the card for the answer · swipe right if you knew it, left if not
A sample of the real cards
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| Aa × Aa: expected phenotypic ratio? | 3:1 |
| AaBb × AaBb: expected phenotypic ratio? | 9:3:3:1 |
| If a testcross produces any recessive offspring, the dominant parent is… | Heterozygous (Aa) |
| Incomplete dominance: phenotypic ratio of a heterozygote cross | 1:2:1, not 3:1 |
| Why are X-linked recessive disorders more common in males? | One X chromosome, so one allele is expressed |
| How to spot autosomal recessive in a pedigree | Skips generations; affected children of unaffected parents |
| PAM sequence | Short motif (typically NGG) Cas9 needs to cut |
| Base editing | Converts one base to another without a double-strand break |
| somatic vs germline editing | Germline changes are heritable |
Notions covered: allele, homozygous/heterozygous, the laws of segregation and independent assortment, monohybrid, dihybrid and test crosses, P/F1/F2, codominance (AB blood), epistasis, pleiotropy, penetrance vs expressivity, polygenic traits, linked genes, wild-type, multiple alleles, heritability, the product and sum rules, blending vs particulate inheritance, Cas9, Cas12a, Cas13, guide RNA, CRISPR arrays, NHEJ vs HDR, off-target editing, prime editing, gene drives, plasmids, restriction enzymes, PCR (Mullis, 1983), GMOs and gene therapy.
Treat the ratios as their own drill
Only about eight cards ask you to calculate: 13, 14, 19, 22, 41, 42, 46 and 54. Those are the ones exams grade. Pull them into a separate session. For each card, write the cross on paper and get the ratio from the Punnett square or the product rule before you flip it. Then add the variations the deck leaves out. Work out the 1:1:1:1 result of an AaBb × aabb testcross. Work out the 9:3:4 ratio for recessive epistasis, which card 23 names but never calculates. Then do the 2:1 lethal-allele cross. If you can derive 9:3:3:1 as (3:1)², you understand the product rule.
Suspend the glossary block
Cards 68–71 and 74 repeat earlier cards: alleles (3), genotype and phenotype (4), dominant vs recessive (7–8), and gene expression (49). Suspend the copies and keep the earlier versions, which have examples. The rest of that block is still worth keeping: DNA bases, the central dogma, plasmids and restriction enzymes.
Two dates to update
- Human Genome Project (card 76): the 2003 "completed" sequence covered about 92% of the genome. The first truly gapless T2T sequence came out in 2022.
- CRISPR in the clinic: the deck stops at the 2016 trial in China. Add a card for Casgevy, the first approved CRISPR therapy (for sickle cell disease and beta-thalassemia). It was approved in the UK in November 2023 and by the FDA in December 2023.
If you want the molecular side (replication, transcription, translation), study it alongside Master Genetics: The Molecular Basis of DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis.
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