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Turkish Grammar & Verb System

143 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Turkish grammar essentials: agglutination, vowel harmony, noun cases, and the full verb conjugation system.

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Turkish language type

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  1. 1Turkish language type
    Highly agglutinative - grammar is expressed by suffixes added to nouns and verbs
  2. 2Example: evlerden
    ev (house) + -ler (plural) + -den (ablative: from) = 'from the houses'
  3. 3Example: gidiyorum
    git (go) + -iyor (present continuous) + -um (1st person singular) = 'I am going'
  4. 4Vowel harmony in Turkish
    Suffixes have 2 or 4 forms - the choice depends on the vowel of the root or preceding suffix
  5. 5Plural suffix vowel harmony
    -ler (after i, e, ö, ü) or -lar (after a, ı, o, u)
  6. 6evler vs başlar
    evler (from houses) vs başlardan (from heads) - vowel harmony changes suffix
  7. 7Grammatical persons do Turkish verbs have
    Six: three singular and three plural
  8. 8Turkish perfect tense suffix
    -miş, -müş, -mış, or -muş (often has inferential meaning: 'they say that...')
  9. 9Verbs come in Turkish sentences
    Generally at the end of the sentence or clause
  10. 10Adjectives come in Turkish
    Before the noun they describe
  11. 11Turkish has prepositions or postpositions?
    Postpositions - they follow the noun rather than precede it
  12. 12Two-way vowel harmony example
    -ler/-lar plural suffix: evler (houses), günler (days), saatler (hours)
  13. 13Four-way vowel harmony example
    Possessive -im/-ım/-um/-üm: evim (my house), gözüm (my eye)
  14. 14Grammatical gender
    No - 'she', 'he', and 'it' all correspond to a single pronoun 'o'
  15. 15Turkish T-V distinction
    sen (informal singular), siz (formal/plural), sizler (very formal)
  16. 16Parts of speech in Turkish
    Nine: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, postposition, conjunction, particle, interjection
  17. 17Parts are inflected
    Only nouns, pronouns, and verbs (adjectives can be treated as nouns)
  18. 18Turkish infinitive form
    Verb stem + -mak or -mek (e.g., koşmak 'to run', stem: koş-)
  19. 19Turkish verb stem is also...
    The second-person singular imperative form (e.g., Koş! = 'Run!')
  20. 20Forming verbs from nouns
    Add -le: köpek (dog) → köpekle (dog paddle)
  21. 21Aorist tense suffix
    -(i/e)r: köpekle + r = köpekler (s/he dog paddles)
  22. 22Modifier word order in Turkish
    Modifier precedes modified: adjective before noun, adverb before verb, object before postposition
  23. 23Most common Turkish sentence order
    Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), but all six permutations are valid
  24. 24Focus position in Turkish sentence
    Just before the verb - the stressed component goes there
  25. 25Cases in Turkish
    Six main cases (seven if counting instrumental -(y)le)
  26. 26Absolute case (yalın durum)
    No suffix: combines nominative, vocative, and indefinite accusative
  27. 27Definite accusative case
    -(y)ı, -(y)i, -(y)u, -(y)ü: evi (the house), adamı (the man)
  28. 28Dative case (yönelme durumu)
    -(y)a, -(y)e: eve (to the house), adama (to the man)
  29. 29Locative case (bulunma durumu)
    -da, -de, -ta, -te: evde (at home), adamda (in/on the man)
  30. 30Ablative case (çıkma durumu)
    -dan, -den, -tan, -ten: evden (from the house), adamdan (from the man)

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