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Norwegian Grammar Essentials

76 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Norwegian grammar essentials: noun genders and articles, plurals, verb moods and tenses, adjective agreement, pronouns, pitch accent, and Bokmal/Nynorsk basics.

grammarbokmalnynorsk

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Language family: Norwegian

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  1. 1Language family: Norwegian
    Indo-European → Germanic → North Germanic (West Scandinavian branch)
  2. 2Official written forms of Norwegian
    Bokmål (literally 'book tongue') and Nynorsk (literally 'new Norwegian')
  3. 3Bokmål (basis)
    Dano-Norwegian language that replaced Middle Norwegian (evolved from Danish influence during Denmark-Norway union)
  4. 4Nynorsk (basis)
    A collective of spoken Norwegian dialects (developed by Ivar Aasen in the 19th century)
  5. 5Creator of Nynorsk
    Ivar Aasen, a botanist and self-taught linguist who began work at age 22
  6. 6Number of native Norwegian speakers
    Approximately 4.32 million (2012)
  7. 7Is Norwegian mutually intelligible with Swedish and Danish?
    Yes - Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish form a dialect continuum of mostly mutually intelligible varieties
  8. 8Letters in the Norwegian alphabet
    29 letters (including Æ, Ø, and Å at the end)
  9. 9Letters are only used in loanwords in Norwegian
    C, Q, W, X, and Z
  10. 10The three noun genders in Norwegian
    Masculine, feminine, and neuter
  11. 11Is the feminine gender mandatory in Bokmål?
    No - all feminine nouns can optionally be inflected using masculine morphology (due to Danish heritage)
  12. 12Is the feminine gender mandatory in Nynorsk?
    Yes - use of all three genders is mandatory in Nynorsk
  13. 13Percentage of Norwegian nouns are masculine
    About 80%
  14. 14How definiteness is indicated in Norwegian nouns
    By a suffix (unlike English which uses 'the')
  15. 15Example: en båt → båten
    a boat → the boat (masculine singular definite)
  16. 16Example: ei vogn → vogna
    a wagon → the wagon (feminine singular definite, Nynorsk)
  17. 17Example: et hus → huset
    a house → the house (neuter singular definite)
  18. 18The indefinite article for masculine nouns
    en (Bokmål) / ein (Nynorsk)
  19. 19The indefinite article for feminine nouns
    ei (or en in Bokmål)
  20. 20The indefinite article for neuter nouns
    et (Bokmål) / eit (Nynorsk)
  21. 21How plurals are formed in Norwegian
    By adding suffixes: -er (masculine Bokmål), -ar (masculine Nynorsk), -er (feminine), no suffix or -er (neuter)
  22. 22Irregular plural example in Norwegian
    fot → føtter/føter (foot → feet, with umlaut)
  23. 23How the genitive case is shown in Norwegian
    With an enclitic -s (like English -'s): Sondres bil = Sondre's car
  24. 24Reflexive possessive pronouns in Norwegian
    sin, si, sitt, sine - agree with gender/number of the possessed noun
  25. 25Do Norwegian verbs conjugate for person?
    No - Norwegian verbs are NOT conjugated for person or number (unlike English)
  26. 26The three grammatical moods in Norwegian
    Indicative, imperative, and subjunctive (subjunctive rarely used)
  27. 27How the imperative is formed in Norwegian
    By removing the last vowel of the infinitive verb form
  28. 28The tenses in Norwegian indicative mood
    Present, past, and future (present and past also have passive forms)
  29. 29The four non-finite verb forms in Norwegian
    Infinitive, passive infinitive, perfective/past participle, and imperfective/present participle
  30. 30Weak and strong verbs in Norwegian
    Two conjugation classes (like other Germanic languages); weak verbs have regular past tense, strong verbs have vowel changes

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