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MCAT Chemistry

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Master essential chemistry concepts tested on the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) for medical school admission.

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What is the atomic number of an element?

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  1. 1What is the atomic number of an element?
    The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
  2. 2What is the mass number of an atom?
    The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
  3. 3What are isotopes?
    Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
  4. 4What is electronegativity?
    The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond
  5. 5What is ionization energy?
    The energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion
  6. 6What is electron affinity?
    The energy change when an electron is added to a neutral atom
  7. 7What is the octet rule?
    Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a stable configuration of 8 valence electrons
  8. 8What is a covalent bond?
    A chemical bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms
  9. 9What is an ionic bond?
    A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating ions
  10. 10What is a hydrogen bond?
    A weak electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom
  11. 11What are London dispersion forces?
    Weak intermolecular forces caused by temporary dipoles in molecules
  12. 12What is a dipole-dipole interaction?
    Attractive forces between polar molecules
  13. 13What is the pH scale?
    A logarithmic scale from 0-14 that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution
  14. 14What is the formula for pH?
    pH = -log[H⁺]
  15. 15What is a buffer?
    A solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added
  16. 16What is the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
    pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA])
  17. 17What is Le Chatelier's principle?
    When a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it shifts to counteract the disturbance and restore equilibrium
  18. 18What is the equilibrium constant (K)?
    The ratio of product concentrations to reactant concentrations at equilibrium, each raised to their stoichiometric coefficients
  19. 19What is the difference between Kc and Kp?
    Kc uses concentrations (molarity), while Kp uses partial pressures (for gases)
  20. 20What is a catalyst?
    A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed, by lowering the activation energy
  21. 21What is activation energy?
    The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
  22. 22What is the rate law?
    An equation that relates the rate of a reaction to the concentrations of reactants
  23. 23What is the order of a reaction?
    The sum of the exponents in the rate law
  24. 24What is a zero-order reaction?
    A reaction whose rate is independent of reactant concentration
  25. 25What is a first-order reaction?
    A reaction whose rate is directly proportional to the concentration of one reactant
  26. 26What is a second-order reaction?
    A reaction whose rate is proportional to the square of one reactant's concentration or the product of two reactants' concentrations
  27. 27What is enthalpy (H)?
    A thermodynamic property representing the total heat content of a system
  28. 28What is entropy (S)?
    A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system
  29. 29What is Gibbs free energy (G)?
    A thermodynamic function that predicts the spontaneity of a reaction: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
  30. 30When is a reaction spontaneous?
    When ΔG < 0 (negative)

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