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Immunology Fundamentals

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Innate and adaptive immunity, immune cells and organs.

medicineimmunology

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Immunology

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  1. 1Immunology
    A branch of biology and medicine that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms
  2. 2What phenomenon did Mechnikov first observe?
    Phagocytosis, in which the body defends itself against a foreign body
  3. 3What did Paul Ehrlich do with ricin and abrin?
    Accustomed mice to the poisonous ricin and abrin by feeding them small but increasing dosages, making them 'ricin-proof'
  4. 4Important lymphoid organs of the immune system
    Thymus, bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver
  5. 5Earliest written mention of immunity
    The plague of Athens in 430 BCE, where Thucydides noted that people who recovered could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time
  6. 6How is the immune system divided?
    Into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system
  7. 7Two components of adaptive immunity
    Humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components
  8. 8What capability does the immune system have?
    The capability of self and non-self-recognition
  9. 9Antigen
    A substance that ignites the immune response
  10. 10What cells are involved in recognizing antigens?
    Lymphocytes
  11. 11Antibodies
    Specific proteins released from B lymphocytes that neutralize disease-causing microorganisms
  12. 12Do antibodies directly kill pathogens?
    No, they identify antigens as targets for destruction by other immune cells such as phagocytes or NK cells
  13. 13Antibody response
    The interaction between antibodies and antigens
  14. 14What class of immune cells produces antibodies?
    B lymphocytes (B cells)
  15. 15Antigens defined as
    Anything that elicits the generation of antibodies (antibody generators)
  16. 16What non-traditional disorders is the immune system now linked to?
    Metabolic, cardiovascular, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease
  17. 17Diagnostic immunology based on
    The specificity of the bond between antibody and antigen, making the antibody an excellent tool for detection of substances
  18. 18How can antibodies be labeled for diagnostic purposes?
    Conjugated with an isotopic (radio) or fluorescent label or with a color-forming enzyme
  19. 19What can lead to false positives in antibody tests?
    Similarity between some antigens, causing antibodies to cross-react with antigens that are not exact matches
  20. 20Immunotherapy
    The use of immune system components or antigens to treat a disease or disorder
  21. 21Immunotherapy commonly used to treat
    Allergies, autoimmune disorders (such as Crohn's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and rheumatoid arthritis), and certain cancers
  22. 22Clinical immunology
    The study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of cellular elements)
  23. 23Two broad categories of immune system disorders
    Immunodeficiency (where parts of the immune system fail to provide adequate response) and autoimmunity (where the immune system attacks its own host's body)
  24. 24Example of immunodeficiency
    Chronic granulomatous disease and primary immune diseases
  25. 25Examples of autoimmunity
    Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto's disease, and myasthenia gravis
  26. 26Most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself
    AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by suppression of CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages by HIV
  27. 27What do clinical immunologists study regarding transplants?
    Ways to prevent the immune system's attempts to destroy allografts (transplant rejection)
  28. 28Clinical immunology and allergy usually a subspecialty of
    Internal medicine or pediatrics
  29. 29Self/nonself distinction in immune response
    'Self' constituents (constituents of the body) do not trigger destructive immune responses, while 'nonself' entities (e.g., pathogens, allografts) trigger a destructive immune response
  30. 30Danger model in immunology
    A theoretical framework suggested by Polly Matzinger that has been very influential in immunology

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