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Chinese Grammar Essentials

209 cards · 🇺🇸 English → 🇨🇳 中文

Core mechanics: sentence patterns, particles (了 过 着…) and measure words.

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Question

Basic SVO word order

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  1. 1Basic SVO word order
    Subject + Verb + Object (我吃饭 = I eat food)
  2. 2Negation with 不 (bù)
    Subject + 不 + Verb (我不吃 = I don't eat)
  3. 3Negation with 没 (méi) for completed actions
    Subject + 没 + Verb (我没吃 = I didn't eat)
  4. 4Yes/no question with 吗 (ma)
    Statement + 吗? (你吃吗? = Do you eat?)
  5. 5A-not-A question pattern
    Verb + 不 + Verb? (吃不吃? = Eat or not eat?)
  6. 6WH-question word in original position
    你吃什么? (You eat what? = What do you eat?)
  7. 7Completed action marker 了 (le)
    Verb + 了 (我吃了 = I ate / have eaten)
  8. 8Experiential marker 过 (guo)
    Verb + 过 (我吃过 = I have eaten [before])
  9. 9Ongoing action marker 在 (zài)
    在 + Verb (在吃 = [am/is/are] eating)
  10. 10Ongoing state marker 着 (zhe)
    Verb + 着 (门开着 = door is open)
  11. 11Sentence-final change of state 了 (le)
    Sentence + 了 (我饿了 = I'm hungry [now])
  12. 12把 (bǎ) construction for emphasis on object
    把 + Object + Verb (把书看完了 = finished reading the book)
  13. 13Passive marker 被 (bèi)
    被 + Agent + Verb (被他打了 = was hit by him)
  14. 14Comparison with 比 (bǐ)
    A + 比 + B + Adj (他比我高 = He is taller than me)
  15. 15Superlative with 最 (zuì)
    最 + Adj (最好 = best / the most good)
  16. 16More/rather with 更 (gèng)
    更 + Adj (更好 = even better / better still)
  17. 17Copula 是 (shì) for noun predicates
    Subject + 是 + Noun (我是学生 = I am a student)
  18. 18Location with 在 (zài)
    在 + Location (在学校 = at school)
  19. 19Existence 有 (yǒu)
    Location + 有 + Object (桌子上有书 = There is a book on the table)
  20. 20Possession 有 (yǒu)
    Subject + 有 + Object (我有书 = I have a book)
  21. 21Classifier pattern
    Number + Classifier + Noun (一本书 = one [CL] book)
  22. 22Demonstrative + Classifier + Noun
    这/那 + Classifier + Noun (这本书 = this book)
  23. 23Possessive with 的 (de)
    Possessor + 的 + Noun (我的书 = my book)
  24. 24Adjective + 的 (de) + Noun
    Adj + 的 + Noun (红的苹果 = red apple)
  25. 25Relative clause + 的 (de) + Noun
    [Clause] + 的 + Noun (我买的书 = the book I bought)
  26. 26Adverb of manner with 地 (de)
    Adj + 地 + Verb (慢慢地走 = walk slowly)
  27. 27Complement of degree with 得 (de)
    Verb + 得 + Adj (跑得快 = run fast)
  28. 28Ability: Verb + 得/不 + Result
    看得懂/看不懂 = can/cannot understand by reading
  29. 29Directional complement: Verb + 来/去
    走来/走去 = walk towards / walk away
  30. 30Resultative complement
    Verb1 + Verb2 (打破 = hit-break = break by hitting)

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