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Arabic Numerals & Calligraphy

40 cards · 🇺🇸 English

Eastern Arabic numerals plus the classical calligraphy styles and script basics.

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Western Arabic numerals

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  1. 1Western Arabic numerals
    0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (used globally today)
  2. 2Eastern Arabic numerals
    ٠, ١, ٢, ٣, ٤, ٥, ٦, ٧, ٨, ٩ (used in Middle East)
  3. 3Zero
    ٠
  4. 4One
    ١
  5. 5Two
    ٢
  6. 6Three
    ٣
  7. 7Four
    ٤
  8. 8Five
    ٥
  9. 9Six
    ٦
  10. 10Seven
    ٧
  11. 11Eight
    ٨
  12. 12Nine
    ٩
  13. 13Arabic numerals to Europe
    Leonardo Fibonacci through his 1202 book Liber Abaci
  14. 14Arabic numerals originate
    India (Hindu-Arabic numeral system), later transmitted through Arab mathematicians
  15. 15Arabic term for zero
    ṣifr (صفر), which became 'cipher' in English
  16. 16Ghubār numerals
    Dust figures - Western Arabic numerals used with dust boards for calculations
  17. 17Arabic numerals first appear in Europe
    976 AD in the Codex Vigilanus in Spain
  18. 18Arabic numerals have over Roman numerals
    Positional notation, easier calculations, handling larger numbers, no separate counting tool needed
  19. 19Arabic calligraphy called in Arabic
    Khatt (خط), meaning 'line' or 'design'
  20. 20Main classical Arabic calligraphy styles exist
    Six classical styles (al-aqlam al-sitta)
  21. 21Kufic script
    One of the oldest Arabic calligraphic forms, angular and geometric, used in early Qurans
  22. 22Naskh script
    A cursive style, most common for writing Qurans and books, clear and legible
  23. 23Thuluth script
    Large, ornamental script often used for titles and architectural decoration
  24. 24Diwani script
    Highly decorative Ottoman chancellery script with overlapping letters
  25. 25Ruq'ah script
    Simple, quick cursive style used for everyday handwriting
  26. 26Arabic written
    Right to left (RTL)
  27. 27Letters are in the Arabic alphabet
    28 letters
  28. 28Three main letter forms in Arabic
    Initial, medial, and final forms (letters change shape based on position)
  29. 29qalam
    A reed pen cut at an angle, the traditional tool for Arabic calligraphy
  30. 30tashkeel
    Diacritical marks (vowel marks) placed above or below letters

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