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Ancient Greek Grammar Essentials

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The core grammar of Ancient Greek: genders, cases, numbers, verb moods, voices, tenses and aspects.

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Number of grammatical genders in Ancient Greek

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  1. 1Number of grammatical genders in Ancient Greek
    Three: masculine, feminine, and neuter
  2. 2Number of cases in Ancient Greek
    Five: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and vocative
  3. 3Number of numbers in Ancient Greek
    Three: singular, dual (for two), and plural
  4. 4The dual number — usage
    To refer to exactly two people or things (e.g., τὼ χεῖρε 'two hands')
  5. 5The subject of a sentence — case
    Nominative
  6. 6The direct object — case
    Accusative
  7. 7Possession (meaning 'of') — case
    Genitive
  8. 8Indirect objects ('to', 'for', 'with') — case
    Dative
  9. 9Addressing someone directly — case
    Vocative
  10. 10Neuter plural nouns — peculiarity
    They take a singular verb (e.g., ταῦτα ἐστίν 'these things is')
  11. 11The nominative and accusative of neuter nouns
    They are always identical (no separate accusative form)
  12. 12Number of declensions
    Three declensions (based on different endings)
  13. 131st declension nouns — gender
    Feminine (with some exceptions like στρατιώτης 'soldier')
  14. 142nd declension nouns — gender
    Masculine (with exceptions)
  15. 15Neuter plural endings in nom/acc
    -α (-a) in 2nd declension, -η (-ē) in 3rd declension
  16. 16Definite article
    Yes: ὁ (ho, masc.), ἡ (hē, fem.), τό (tó, neut.) = 'the'
  17. 17Indefinite article
    No indefinite article (πόλις = 'a city')
  18. 18Number of verb moods in Ancient Greek
    Four: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and optative
  19. 19Number of voices in Ancient Greek
    Three: active, middle, and passive
  20. 20Number of tenses are in the indicative mood
    Seven: present, future, perfect, future perfect, imperfect, aorist, pluperfect
  21. 21Tenses are 'primary' (present/future)
    Present, future, perfect, and future perfect
  22. 22Tenses are 'secondary' (past)
    Imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect
  23. 23Added to secondary tenses in the indicative
    An augment (usually ἐ- prefix)
  24. 24Example of augment: κελεύω →
    ἐκέλευον (imperfect: 'I was ordering')
  25. 25A verb starts with a vowel
    The augment lengthens the vowel (ἄγω → ἦγον 'I was leading')
  26. 26Reduplication — usage
    To form perfect and pluperfect tenses (γράφω → γέγραφα 'I have written')
  27. 27Reduplication — formation
    By repeating the first consonant with ε (e)
  28. 28Three aspects in Greek verbs
    Imperfective (ongoing), perfective/aorist (completed), and perfect (completed with lasting result)
  29. 29Present tense — aspect
    Imperfective (ongoing, continuous, repeated action)
  30. 30Aorist — aspect
    Perfective/aorist (action as a single point, completed)

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